Научное направление:
«Нанотехнологии в процессах очистки воды от ионов тяжелых металлов»
Шифры научных специальностей, в рамках которых разрабатывалось данное научное направление:
Краткая аннотация научного направления:
Несмотря на широкое практическое использование сорбционных методов и комплексонов в очистке производственных сточных вод, в этой области существует ряд проблем. К наиболее существенным относятся следующие: недостаточная сорбционная емкость материалов, отсутствие надежных способов регенерации сорбентов, ресурсосберегающих экологизированных технологий очистки с использованием сорбентов, способов утилизации тяжелых металлов из отходов комплексообразованием.
Важным фактором, влияющим на поведение тяжелых металлов в почве, является кислотность среды. При нейтральной и слабощелочной реакции среды образуются труднорастворимые соединения: гидроксиды, сульфиды, фосфаты, карбонаты и оксалаты тяжелых металлов. При возрастании кислотности в почве идет обратный процесс – труднорастворимые соединения переходят в более подвижные, при этом повышается подвижность многих тяжелых металлов. Однако действие кислотности почв на подвижность тяжелых металлов неоднозначно. Хотя при возрастании pH среды подвижность многих тяжелых металлов снижается (например, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co и др.), имеется ряд металлов, подвижность которых при нейтрализации почвы возрастает. К ним относятся молибден и хром, которые способны в слабокислой и щелочной среде образовывать растворимые соли. Кроме того, такие тяжелые металлы как ртуть и кадмий способны сохранять подвижность в щелочной среде за счет образования комплексных соединений с органическим веществом почв. С твердой фазой почвы тяжелые металлы взаимодействуют по механизмам специфической и неспецифической адсорбции.
В научном направлении предложена методика очисти сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов с помощью наноактивированных комплексов природного цеолита и диатомита. Данная методика
позволяет сократить значительные издержки в подготовке сырья и последующей его химической модификации. Предложены технологические решения по обезвреживанию и утилизации производственных сточных вод и позволяющие получать очищенную до необходимого нормативного содержания примесей воду и возвращать ее в технологический цикл.
Важным фактором, влияющим на поведение тяжелых металлов в почве, является кислотность среды. При нейтральной и слабощелочной реакции среды образуются труднорастворимые соединения: гидроксиды, сульфиды, фосфаты, карбонаты и оксалаты тяжелых металлов. При возрастании кислотности в почве идет обратный процесс – труднорастворимые соединения переходят в более подвижные, при этом повышается подвижность многих тяжелых металлов. Однако действие кислотности почв на подвижность тяжелых металлов неоднозначно. Хотя при возрастании pH среды подвижность многих тяжелых металлов снижается (например, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co и др.), имеется ряд металлов, подвижность которых при нейтрализации почвы возрастает. К ним относятся молибден и хром, которые способны в слабокислой и щелочной среде образовывать растворимые соли. Кроме того, такие тяжелые металлы как ртуть и кадмий способны сохранять подвижность в щелочной среде за счет образования комплексных соединений с органическим веществом почв. С твердой фазой почвы тяжелые металлы взаимодействуют по механизмам специфической и неспецифической адсорбции.
В научном направлении предложена методика очисти сточных вод от ионов тяжелых металлов с помощью наноактивированных комплексов природного цеолита и диатомита. Данная методика
позволяет сократить значительные издержки в подготовке сырья и последующей его химической модификации. Предложены технологические решения по обезвреживанию и утилизации производственных сточных вод и позволяющие получать очищенную до необходимого нормативного содержания примесей воду и возвращать ее в технологический цикл.
Аннотации трех наиболее значимых публикаций:
1. Method, system and device for cleaning and regeneration water.
Polad Malkin
US Patent App. 62/592,411; 2017 year.
A device and a System for cleaning and regeneration of water, comprising:
- a container;
- a first, outer electrode disposed in said container;
- a second, inner electrode disposed coaxially with said outer electrode, said inner electrode being spaced from said outer electrode to define an electro-dialysis chamber, said inner electrode having an outer surface provided with at least one substantially spiral groove defining a substantially spiral thread on said inner electrode;
- a feed member disposed at one end of said inner electrode for feeding water to be cleaned to an inter-electrode space of said electro-dialysis chamber;
- a tubular member disposed around said outer electrode, between said outer electrode and said container, for enclosing a precipitation space, said electro-dialysis chamber communicating in an upper part with said precipitation space;
- precipitation means disposed between said tubular member and said outer electrode for enhancing turbulence in water flowing through said precipitation space during a cleaning process;
- and filter material disposed in a filter space located between said tubular member and said container, said precipitation space communicating with said filter space, said container having an outlet for enabling a flow of water from said filter space.
2. Method of Wastewater Treatment from Heavy Metal Ions Using Nanoactivated Complexes of Natural Zeolite and Diatomite
Polad Malkin
Young scientist USA, vol. 10, 17-21, 2017 year.
A highly efficient technique of wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions using nanoactivated complexes of natural zeolite and diatomite is proposed. This technique can reduce significant costs in preparation of raw materials and its subsequent chemical modification. Technological solutions are proposed for disposal and recycling of industrial wastewater allowing obtaining water treated to the necessary regulatory water content of impurities and returning it to the process cycle.
3.Malkin P. Wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions using nanoactivated complexes of natural zeolite and diatomite. Nanotechnologies in Construction. 2018, Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 72-92
Despite the wide practical use of sorption methods and complexones in treatment of industrial wastewater, some problems are still to be solved in this field.
These are the most significant: insufficient sorption capacity of materials, lack of reliable methods for regenerating sorbents and resource-saving ecology friendly treatment technologies with the use of sorbents as well as methods of utilization of heavy metals from waste by complex formation.
An important factor affecting the behavior of heavy metals in the soil is the medium acidity. With a neutral and slightly alkaline reaction of the medium, hardly soluble compounds are formed: hydroxides, sulphides, phosphates, carbonates, and oxalates of heavy metals. When acidity increases the reverse process runs in the soil: hardly soluble compounds become more mobile, while mobility of many heavy metals increases. However, the effect of soil acidity on mobility of heavy metals is ambiguous. Although mobility of many heavy metals decreases with increasing pH of the medium (for example, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, etc.), there are a number of metals whose mobility increases with soil neutralization. These include molybdenum and chromium, which are able to form soluble salts in a weakly acidic and alkaline medium. In addition, heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium are able to maintain mobility in an alkaline medium through formation of complex compounds with organic matter in soils. Heavy metals interact with a solid phase of the soil by mechanisms of specific and nonspecific adsorption.
In this article, a technique of wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions using nanoactivated complexes of natural zeolite and diatomite is proposed. This technique can reduce significant costs in preparation of raw materials and subsequent chemical modification of them. Technological solutions aimed at disposal
and recycling of industrial wastewater have been proposed. These solutions make it possible to obtain the water treated to the necessary standard impurity content and reuse it in the technological process.
Polad Malkin
US Patent App. 62/592,411; 2017 year.
A device and a System for cleaning and regeneration of water, comprising:
- a container;
- a first, outer electrode disposed in said container;
- a second, inner electrode disposed coaxially with said outer electrode, said inner electrode being spaced from said outer electrode to define an electro-dialysis chamber, said inner electrode having an outer surface provided with at least one substantially spiral groove defining a substantially spiral thread on said inner electrode;
- a feed member disposed at one end of said inner electrode for feeding water to be cleaned to an inter-electrode space of said electro-dialysis chamber;
- a tubular member disposed around said outer electrode, between said outer electrode and said container, for enclosing a precipitation space, said electro-dialysis chamber communicating in an upper part with said precipitation space;
- precipitation means disposed between said tubular member and said outer electrode for enhancing turbulence in water flowing through said precipitation space during a cleaning process;
- and filter material disposed in a filter space located between said tubular member and said container, said precipitation space communicating with said filter space, said container having an outlet for enabling a flow of water from said filter space.
2. Method of Wastewater Treatment from Heavy Metal Ions Using Nanoactivated Complexes of Natural Zeolite and Diatomite
Polad Malkin
Young scientist USA, vol. 10, 17-21, 2017 year.
A highly efficient technique of wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions using nanoactivated complexes of natural zeolite and diatomite is proposed. This technique can reduce significant costs in preparation of raw materials and its subsequent chemical modification. Technological solutions are proposed for disposal and recycling of industrial wastewater allowing obtaining water treated to the necessary regulatory water content of impurities and returning it to the process cycle.
3.Malkin P. Wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions using nanoactivated complexes of natural zeolite and diatomite. Nanotechnologies in Construction. 2018, Vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 72-92
Despite the wide practical use of sorption methods and complexones in treatment of industrial wastewater, some problems are still to be solved in this field.
These are the most significant: insufficient sorption capacity of materials, lack of reliable methods for regenerating sorbents and resource-saving ecology friendly treatment technologies with the use of sorbents as well as methods of utilization of heavy metals from waste by complex formation.
An important factor affecting the behavior of heavy metals in the soil is the medium acidity. With a neutral and slightly alkaline reaction of the medium, hardly soluble compounds are formed: hydroxides, sulphides, phosphates, carbonates, and oxalates of heavy metals. When acidity increases the reverse process runs in the soil: hardly soluble compounds become more mobile, while mobility of many heavy metals increases. However, the effect of soil acidity on mobility of heavy metals is ambiguous. Although mobility of many heavy metals decreases with increasing pH of the medium (for example, Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, etc.), there are a number of metals whose mobility increases with soil neutralization. These include molybdenum and chromium, which are able to form soluble salts in a weakly acidic and alkaline medium. In addition, heavy metals such as mercury and cadmium are able to maintain mobility in an alkaline medium through formation of complex compounds with organic matter in soils. Heavy metals interact with a solid phase of the soil by mechanisms of specific and nonspecific adsorption.
In this article, a technique of wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions using nanoactivated complexes of natural zeolite and diatomite is proposed. This technique can reduce significant costs in preparation of raw materials and subsequent chemical modification of them. Technological solutions aimed at disposal
and recycling of industrial wastewater have been proposed. These solutions make it possible to obtain the water treated to the necessary standard impurity content and reuse it in the technological process.